Journal of Chemical Reviews

Abstract Coffee is a chemically rich beverage whose sensory quality and bioactivity are shaped by cultivar, post‑harvest processing, roasting, and brewing. Comprehensive metabolomic and targeted analyses identify chlorogenic acids, caffeine, trigonelline, diterpenes, simple phenolic acids, melanoidins, and numerous Maillard‑ and lipid‑derived volatiles as recurring families. This critical review synthesizes chemical profiling (LC‑MS, HR‑MS, NMR, and GC‑MS), antimicrobial and antifungal bioassays, and sensory science to map structure–function relationships, highlight isomer‑specific roles in acidity and aroma formation, and evaluate reported biological activities. While many coffee constituents show in vitro antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and metabolic‑modulating effects, reported MIC/IC₅₀ values vary widely across studies and sample matrices, and most bioassays lack essential validation and microbial authentication. Likewise, untargeted metabolomics frequently omits quantitative validation and orthogonal confirmation of isomers, limiting confidence in compositional–functional links. Therefore, routine reporting of validation metrics (selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and LOD/LOQ), authenticated strains, and cell lines is recommended. Implementing these practices will strengthen the connection between verified compound concentrations, sensory outcomes, and translational bioactivity, while prioritizing specific coffee metabolites and processing steps for future sensory optimization and clinical validation.

Abstract Stimuli-responsive in situ gel-based smart drug delivery systems represent an innovative approach to diabetes therapy that addresses the limitations of conventional formulations, such as poor bioavailability, short drug half-life, and frequent dosing. These systems undergo sol-to-gel transitions in response to physiological stimuli, including pH, temperature, ions, and enzymatic activity, enabling controlled and prolonged drug release. Synthetic polymers such as poloxamers, poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives, and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) allow the precise modulation of gelation behavior, stability, and physicochemical properties. Due to their biocompatibility and stimuli-responsiveness, in situ gels have been explored via oral, nasal, ocular, injectable, and transdermal routes for the delivery of insulin, oral hypoglycemics, and peptide-based drugs. Recent advances have integrated nanoparticles and glucose-sensitive components for feedback-regulated insulin release, closely mimicking pancreatic β-cell function, and improving therapeutic precision. Despite challenges, such as limited mechanical strength, gelation variability, and regulatory constraints, continued progress in polymer chemistry, nanotechnology, and biomaterial design is expected to overcome these barriers. Collectively, the in-situ gel-based delivery systems offer a promising, patient-friendly, and physiologically adaptive platform for next-generation diabetes management.

Abstract This review presents contemporary perspectives on the nature, synthesis methods, and application areas of sodium aluminosilicates as one of the most in-demand classes of silicate materials. Geochemical mechanisms of the formation of sodium-containing aluminosilicates in magmatic, metamorphic, and sedimentary systems are considered, including pressure-induced structural transformations of amorphous phases, features of crystallization of minerals of the nepheline group, and the role of alkali elements in the evolution of the silicate network. Experimental and technological approaches to the synthesis of sodium aluminosilicates are summarized, ranging from geopolymerization and alkaline activation of technogenic wastes to thermal treatment of ashes, slags, and biomass. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of formation of sodium-aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gels, the influence of activator composition, phase transformations, and the possibilities for controlling the structure and properties of the resulting materials. The review demonstrates a wide range of applications of sodium aluminosilicate systems, including construction and composite materials, sorption and catalytic processes, protective and functional coatings, water treatment, soil stabilization, and the utilization of technogenic wastes. Prospects for the development of energy-efficient technologies for producing sodium aluminosilicates from alternative raw materials are outlined, along with approaches to enhancing the durability, structural stability, and functionality of these materials for industrial and environmental applications.

Abstract Imposing feed turbulence flow in the membrane filtration system alleviates membrane fouling and enhances the overall membrane performance. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation provides easy access to visualizing the hydrodynamic performance of any design and technique employed for generating the membrane feed turbulence flow. Among several membrane feed turbulence flow generation techniques, membrane surface patterning and turbulence promoters are the most prominent. By patterning the surface of a membrane, the antifouling performance of the membrane improved by up to 58%. Moreover, by adjusting the operating velocity from 30 to 50 cm/s, the membrane hydraulic performance was enhanced by 20%. Furthermore, the antifouling performance of feed turbulence flow depends on operating parameters including the feed flow direction towards the turbulence generator. By reorienting the feed flow from parallel to perpendicular to the membrane surface patterns, the membrane lifespan improved by up to 14.4%. Therefore, for several decades many authors explored CFD to simulate the performance of the feed turbulence generation techniques prior to validation to save costs, time, and to obtain optimum design and operating parameters. Thus, many authors reviewed the CFD simulation results of the hydrodynamic performance of turbulence promoters while ignoring that of the surface patterning technique. This study aims to review the CFD simulation results of the hydrodynamic performance of membrane surface patterning by examining the patterns design and operating parameters performance and limitations as well as identifying the potential research avenues in the field.

Abstract Recent research highlights the growing interest in including plant extracts in toothpastes due to their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The purpose of this review is to analyze the available data on the chemical composition of plant extracts used in toothpastes, to study their functional properties, mechanisms of action, and potential applications as alternatives to traditional components of toothpastes. This review systematically summarizes data from reputable scientific sources regarding the use of natural ingredients in dentistry. The main classes of biologically active compounds, including phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and alkaloids, as well as their effects on oral health, have been thoroughly studied. The mechanisms of their action, interaction with traditional ingredients of toothpastes, and their influence on the physical and chemical properties of the final product are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the composition and technologies used in toothpastes, which include natural biologically active complexes, as along with considerations of their environmental safety and prospects for further research in this field. The data obtained indicate the high potential of plant extracts as functional components of toothpastes and emphasize the prospects for further research aimed at optimizing their composition and expanding the scope of application.

Abstract Carbon-based nanomaterials have emerged as a transformative class of materials, owing to their unique structural, electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Since the discovery of two-dimensional graphene and one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, the field has rapidly expanded to include zero-dimensional carbon quantum dots, graphene quantum dots (GQDs), and hybrid composites. This review collates recent advances in carbon-based nanomaterials, tracing the evolution of graphene from nanotubes to quantum dots, and examines their classification, structure–property relationships, synthesis routes, characterization modalities, and application landscapes. A historical overview of carbon allotropes and nanomaterials is initially presented, and the motivation and scope of this comprehensive treatment is provided. Following the classification of materials into 0D (fullerenes, CQDs/GQDs), 1D (CNTs), 2D (graphene, graphene oxide, derivatives), and hybrid composites, we explored how their atomic bonding (sp², sp³), defects, doping, edge effects, and quantum confinement determine their performance. Synthesis strategies such as exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), arc discharge, laser ablation, and top-down/bottom-up approaches for quantum dots have been described. We then detail characterization techniques, including TEM, SEM, AFM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, UV-Vis, XPS, FTIR, and advanced time-resolved methods. We examined major applications in energy storage and conversion, sensing, biomedicine, catalysis, the environment, and optoelectronics. Finally, challenges such as scalability, reproducibility, stability, toxicity, and integration into devices are critically discussed and future directions for hybrid systems, computational design, and multifunctional platforms are outlined. Through this review, we synthesized major advances and key takeaways, offering an outlook on the next five to ten years of carbon-based nanomaterial research and implementation.

Abstract A researcher needs to know all the chemical, physical, biological, structural, and mechanical characteristics of a biomedical material before using it in medical applications. The mineral hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂) is an essential component of the calcium orthophosphate family. It possesses great dielectric and biological compatibility properties, diamagnetic properties, thermal stability, osteoconductivity, and bioactivity, which has a Ca:P molar ratio of 1.67. Since HAp has a chemical makeup that is very similar to that of natural bone and teeth, it has the potential to be utilized as a material for the implantation of implants in broken parts of the human skeletal system. Because of the increasing use of HAp in medicine, many methods for producing HAp nanoparticles have been discovered. The preparation conditions of synthesized HAp determine their physical and chemical characteristics, crystalline structure, and shape. This study gives a comprehensive information on the properties and production methods of the HAp in detail and unveile the structure and its properties in detail.

Abstract Conducting polymers (CPs) have been gathering a great interest in academia and industry by providing the opportunity of combining the electrical properties of a semiconductor and metals with the traditional advantages of conventional polymers such as easy and low cost preparation and fabrication. In this review we examined the conducting polymers-based composites for supercapacitor and batteries, such as conducting polymer-based binary, ternary, and quaternary composites. For their applications in energy storage field, we critically review the development of their applications and the general design rules for energy storage devices including supercapacitors, lithium and other -ions batteries, and their current limitations and future potential to advance energy storage technologies. It is expected that this review will help to improve the knowledge about this conducting polymer and consequently lead to new research fields.

Abstract A large variety of organosulfur compounds have been shown to having diverse biological effects such as anti-oxidant effects, anti-inflammatory properties, inhibition of platelet aggregation, reduction of systolic blood pressure, and reduction of cholesterol. Among these, sulfoxides and sulfones show wide and significant applications as commodity chemical in various fields of chemistry. Therefore, synthesis of sulfoxides as well as sulfones has remained a point of attraction for synthetic organic chemists. Among array of methods used to synthesize the sulfoxides or sulfones, oxidation of sulfide is the most convenient way. This review precises chemoselective methods for the synthesis of the sulfoxides as well as sulfones focusing on oxidative protocols. This review will aid researchers to explore and utilise the mentioned protocols for different organic transformations.

Abstract Liquid solid circulating fluidised bed and its performance at various operating conditions have been critically reviewed and reported. Hydrodynamic includes pressure drop across the bed, phase hold up distribution, flow regime, flow structure of each phase and solid circulation rate. Detailed analysis of axial and radial solid distributions, average solid holdup, solid circulation rate, critical transitional velocity for solid at different densities and fluids at varying viscosities was reported. The effect of the increase in liquid viscosity during heat and mass transfer phenomena in LSCFB has to be studied extensively as the industrial processing fluids are highly viscous.

Abstract Development of reliable and environmentally gracious routes for the fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles is a crucial step in nano-biotechnology. Among the all zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO₂ NPs) draws more attention due to its significant biocompatible, electrical, mechanical, and optical properties. Many natural biomolecules in plant extracts such as alkaloids, amino acids, enzymes, proteins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, steroid, and vitamins could be involved in bioreduction, formation, and stabilization of ZrO₂ NPs. In the last decade, numerous efforts were made to develop ecofriendly methods of synthesis to avoid the hazardous byproducts. In this review, green synthesis of ZrO₂ NPs, their characterization techniques, and miscellaneous applications were discussed.