A Comprehensive Review of Heavy Metal Contamination and Sustainable Nanomaterials in Environmental and Economic Considerations

Venkatesh, Butti; Saxena, Kuldeep K; Raja, N. D.; Kumar, Ashish; Chandrashekar, Rakesh; Sivasundar, Vijayakumar; Challa, Bandhavi; Satishkumar, P.; Sehgal, Lakshita

doi:10.48309/jcr.2026.539008.1490

A Comprehensive Review of Heavy Metal Contamination and Sustainable Nanomaterials in Environmental and Economic Considerations

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Butti Venkatesh ¹

Kuldeep K Saxena ²

N. D. Raja ³

Ashish Kumar ⁴

Rakesh Chandrashekar ⁵

Vijayakumar Sivasundar ⁶

Bandhavi Challa ⁷

P. Satishkumar ⁸

Lakshita Sehgal ⁹

¹ Department of Civil Engineering, Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women (Autonomous), Bhimavaram, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India

² Department of Mechanical Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India

³ Department of ECE, Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Bengaluru-562157, India

⁴ Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Panjab, India

⁵ Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bangalore, India

⁶ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India

⁷ Department of Mechanical Engineering, GRIET, Hyderabad, Telangana, 50090, India

⁸ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rathinam Technical Campus, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India

⁹ Center for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India

https://doi.org/10.48309/jcr.2026.539008.1490

Abstract

Human-made processes were causing severe heavy metal contamination at surface waters that creates more health hazards in industrial development. Nanomaterials have good qualities because they have more specific surface areas and organic properties and comply with ecologically friendly production orders. In this paper, the heavy metal remediation was studied through the examination of bio- based nanostructures and hybrid nanomaterials. The paper has discussed metal efficiency in terms of de-decomposing the removal mechanisms that involving plant extracts, microbial pathways and also life cycle assessment, the economic needs necessary to sustain long term operations. Recent advances in smart nanomaterials based on bio-hybrid systems and multi-functional nanocomposites have defined the new trends that shape the materials sector. The paper is a review article that considers the potential of sustainable nanomaterials in the remedial process of heavy metals to devise the optimal methods of synthesis and precondition sustainable industrial utilisation of the synthetic materials in the cleaning of the environment.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

Sustainable nanomaterials

Mechanisms of heavy metal removal

Synthesis

Life cycle assessment

Recent innovations

Subjects

Environmental chemistry

Content

1. Introduction

2. Types of Sustainable Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Removal

3. Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Removal Using Nanomaterials

3.1. Adsorption mechanisms

3.2. Absorption mechanisms

3.3. Ion exchange

3.4. Redox reactions

3.5. Chelation and complexation

3.6. Surface functionalization and modification

4. Synthesis of Sustainable Nanomaterials

4.1. Green synthesis approaches

4.2. Eco-friendly fabrication techniques

4.3. Waste-derived nanomaterials

5. Environmental and Economic Considerations

5.1. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of nanomaterials

5.2. Environmental sustainability and economic viability

5.3. Environmental fate and biodegradability

6. Recent Advances and Innovations

6.1. Functionalized and smart nanomaterials

6.2. Nano-bio hybrid systems

6.3. Multi-functional nanocomposites

6.4. AI and machine learning integration in nanomaterial design

7. Real-World Application Challenges

7.1. Large-scale production

7.2. Wastewater treatment

7.3. Regulatory and safety hurdles

7.4. Maintenance and operational issues

8. Future Perspectives

9. Conclusion

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