Molecular Mechanisms of Polyphenols in Skin Cancer Therapy: Advances and Future Perspectives

Modhugur Sathyanarayanan, Priya; Gollamudi, Ramya; Rath, Deepankar; Panigrahi, Saswati; Pratap Singh, Laliteshwar; Ranjan Kar, Nihar; Kumar Sharma, Rajesh; Raj Ali, Shah; Kumar, Amit; Prasad Panigrahy, Uttam

doi:10.48309/jcr.2026.538065.1489

Molecular Mechanisms of Polyphenols in Skin Cancer Therapy: Advances and Future Perspectives

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Priya Modhugur Sathyanarayanan ¹

Ramya Gollamudi ²

Deepankar Rath ³

Saswati Panigrahi ⁴

Laliteshwar Pratap Singh ⁵

Nihar Ranjan Kar ⁶

Rajesh Kumar Sharma ⁷

Shah Raj Ali ⁸

Amit Kumar ⁹

Uttam Prasad Panigrahy ¹⁰

¹ Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai - 602105, Tamil Nadu, India

² Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lamar university, 4400 S M L King Jr Pkwy, Beaumont, TX 77705, United States

³ Department of Pharmacology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, odisha-752050, India

⁴ St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Vevoor, Manor Road, Palghar (E), Maharashtra 401404, India

⁵ Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Narayan Institute of Pharmacy, Gopal Narayan Singh University, Jamuhar, Sasaram (Rohtas) Bihar - 821305, India

⁶ School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India

⁷ Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Delhi Road Moradabad-244001, India

⁸ Department of Chemistry, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 263 002, Uttarakhand, India

⁹ Faculty of Pharmacy, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250005, India

¹⁰ Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Sankar Madhab Path, Gandhi Nagar, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, Assam, India

https://doi.org/10.48309/jcr.2026.538065.1489

Abstract

Globally, skin cancer, including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, is a significant health concern that requires the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Natural remedies and polyphenols are being studied as potential therapeutics for skin cancer. The chemopreventive properties of phytocompounds and polyphenols against skin cancer metastasis are discussed in this study. Polyphenols such as anthocyanins, EGCG, punicalagin, quercetin, resveratrol, and theaflavin have chemopreventive properties and are primarily studied for their treatment of melanoma. This review also discusses recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the anticancer properties of natural compounds, specifically polyphenols. These effects are caused by changes in pathways such as EGFR/MAPK, mTOR/PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, FAK/RTK2, PGE-2/VEGF, and PGE-1/ERK/HIF-1α. These changes are also influenced by signals such as NF-κB, Bim, Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bim, Puma, Noxa, ILs, and MMPs. This study focuses on how these factors can impact crucial signaling pathways such as oxidative stress, proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation linked to cancer development. The study explores the potential of polyphenols in conjunction with traditional treatments to enhance patient outcomes and minimize side effects. Polyphenols' chemopreventive actions against skin carcinogenesis and metastasis, involving numerous signaling pathways, indicate their potential for developing new anti-skin cancer therapeutic approaches. Future research should focus on preclinical and clinical studies to validate the efficacy and safety of natural remedies and polyphenols in combating skin cancer.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

Skin cancer

Melanoma

Natural remedies

Polyphenols

Therapeutic strategies

Subjects

Materials chemistry

Table of Content

1. Introduction

2. Pathophysiology of Skin Cancer

3. Skin Cancers

3.1. Melanoma

3.2. Basal cell carcinoma

3.3. Squamous cell cancer of the skin

4. Antioxidant Defenses for the Skin

5. Antioxidants' Role in Reducing ROS Production and Preventing Skin Cancer

6. Natural Sources of Anti-Cancer Compounds

6.1. Plant sources

6.2. Marine sources

6.3. Microbial sources

7. Medicinal Plants for Preventing Melanoma

7.1. Phyllanthus emblica

7.2. Tinospora cordifolia

7.3. Azadirachta indica

7.4. Withania somnifera

7.5. Ocimum Tenuiflorum

7.6. Santalum album

8. Potential Polyphenols Used as Anti-Skin Cancer Agents

9. Polyphenols and Their Chemoprotective Activities

9.1. Antiproliferative activities

9.2. Cytotoxic activities

9.3. Cell cycle and apoptosis

9.4. UV radiation defense

9.5. Metastasis of cancer

10. Tea polyphenols Control UVB-Mediated Ovulation

11. Tea Polyphenols Reduce Oxidative Stress and UVB-Mediated Inflammation

12. Tea Polyphenols Enhance DNA Repair Mechanisms and Decrease UVB-Mediated DNA Damage

13. Toxicity

14. Conclusions and Future Perspectives

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