Journal of Chemical Reviews

Abstract Development of reliable and environmentally gracious routes for the fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles is a crucial step in nano-biotechnology. Among the all zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO₂ NPs) draws more attention due to its significant biocompatible, electrical, mechanical, and optical properties. Many natural biomolecules in plant extracts such as alkaloids, amino acids, enzymes, proteins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, steroid, and vitamins could be involved in bioreduction, formation, and stabilization of ZrO₂ NPs. In the last decade, numerous efforts were made to develop ecofriendly methods of synthesis to avoid the hazardous byproducts. In this review, green synthesis of ZrO₂ NPs, their characterization techniques, and miscellaneous applications were discussed.

Abstract The catalytic conversion of naphtha is a refinery process in which heavy naphtha feeds through the catalytic bed of several reactors at high temperatures and pressures that potentially increase the aromatics content of naphtha and its octane number. Usually, naphtha feed is used to remove the impurities that prevent useful reactions and cause poisoning of reformer catalysts. Operating abutments for the catalytic converter unit are temperature, pressure, metallurgical agent, hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio, and chlorine ratio. In this study, Operational Conditions in Octanizer and Hydro-treating Units in oil refinery companies is investigated and optimized the conditions of catalysis.

Abstract In this review we synthesized and conducted a computational studies on Pyrazolo pyrimidine’s derivatives that were carried out through density functional theory level utilizing HF/6−311+G**and B3LYP/6−311+G**. Charge transfer occured through molecule was shown by the calculation of HOMO and LUMO energies. The electric dipole moment values (l) of the molecule were counted calculations of DFT.  Some geometrical and structural parameters such as total energies (E), relative energies (DE), (bond length in Å, angles in degree), energy gap, relative Gibbs free energy, dipole moment, and molecular electrostatic potentials (MEP) were studied.

Abstract This review provides an overview of the recent literature on application of arylglyoxals the synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines via multicomponent reactions in the period of 2008–2018. 1,2-Dicarbonyl compounds are attractive precursors for synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds, and arylglyoxals are frequently applied in synthesis of various organic compounds, and in particular of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines derivatives, which are important due to their biological and pharmaceutical activities.

Abstract Nanotechnology is the new field of technological innovation on their application in human biology and medicine. On the other hand, there is an important concern about the potential health and environmental risks, due to exposure to human body of nanoparticles. These nanoparticles led to the appearance in the scientific disciplines such as nanotoxicology and nanomedicine.  Nanotoxicology is the study toxicity effects of nanoparticles on human health as well as environment. Nano-particles have been developed for beneficial studies with applications in medical field and devices. Also, nanomedicines have been applied to the sector of molecular biology, tissue culture, bio-materials, genetic engineering, bio and bio-imaging sensors. Actually, nanotechnologies have followed healthcare improvements including potentially revolutionary treatments for cancer, critical diseases and also drug improvements with reduction of side effect. With all these descriptions, the extent of potential impact on human health is still a major concern due to lack of reliable toxicity data of nanoparticles. The main purpose of present literature is providing of better understanding on nanobiotechnology principles and its applications in biomedicine have been discussed as well as to their side effects.