1. Introduction

Solar energy is considered as the greatest renewable, a plentiful source of available energy in our planet. Electrical energy is a principal resource for progress in modern alive. As there are numerous techniques to produce electrical energy; green energy from the solar technique is permanent for a long time [1-5]. An abundant and clean primary source of energy is the sun, it offers 120,000 trillion Watts (TW) of radiation on the earth's surface every day, far higher than human needs even in the greatest countries request energy [6-13]. The Sunrays involve UV-Vis (Ultra-Violet, Visible) and IR (Infrared) radiation. The solar radiation quantity that arrives at any site is reliant on a number of factors like local weather, geographical location, land scope season, and daytime [14]. Solar cells; SC (Photovoltaic; PV) (Figure 1) are the electronic constituents (a p-n junction diode) that create electricity when sunlight is radiated on them using the photovoltaic effect phenomenon. Semiconductors are usually used for making SC cells. Semiconductors of SC can absorb the sun radiates in the appearance of light, and the transmitted-energy is utilized by a collecting of the radiant light, and converting it directly into heat or electricity as photovoltaic conversion energy (this is a physical-chemical phenomenon). Therefore, the resistance, voltage, and current vary when photoelectric cells are exposed to light. In most industries, the semiconductor is prepared as a principle material of the SC cell. The energy of conversion contains light absorption energy (photon) to generate (electron-hole pairs) in a semiconductor and a region of charge-carrier separation. A p–n junction (Figure 1) is used at charge carrier separation as the principle [15].  The junction effect of the SC in the P-N junction diodes is the principle of work in photovoltaic cells.

Figure 1. A- A solar panel, B-A “p-n junction” photovoltaic (PV) SC cell

A generation of SC cells, basic working principle of a SC cell, inorganic SC cell technologies, parameters of the SC cell, factors influences on SC cell system performance efficiency, and the effect of double spectrum colours on the solar cells performance (reliant on different wavelengths (long, medium, and short) that have different effects on; (n-p) depilation regions) are reported in this review article.

2. The Solar Cells Generation

Solar cells (Photovoltaic cells) are made from different materials and compounds. Due to the SC development using materials, the generation of SC cell is classified as [16-18]:

2. 1. The 1^st SC cells generation-(wafer based)

The first SC cells-generation is made from silicon wafers, or 3- 5 compounds. It is the most popular and the eldest technology owing to high efficiencies. Silicon-wafer SC cells have thickness light absorbing sheets up to (350) μm. The wafer of silicon -based technology is additionally branded into two important sub-groups titled as”;

1. Single/ Mono-crystalline silicon.
2. Poly/ Multi-crystalline silicon.

Mono-crystalline SC cell is prepared for pure silicon as mono-crystalline. The silicones material in these cells have lattice structure of continuous single crystal with virtually no defects or inclusions. The high efficiency is the central advantage of these SC cells, which is usually about 15%. The disadvantage of silicon cells as mono-crystalline is the complex practice for manufacturing these cells; this result in “slightly higher costs” compared to SC of various other technologies. One of the most common uses of these solar cells is in-home devices, the reason being that they are very efficient in converting sunlight into electrical energy. Figure 2 displays the diagram contents of silicon SC cells as mono-crystalline.

Figure 2. Schematic of mono-crystalline silicon SC cells (Single crystalline silicon SC cells)

2. 2. The 2^nd SC generation (thin film SC)

The amorphous silicon and thin-film SC cells are classified in most as the 2^nd generation SC cells and are further inexpensive as related to the silicon wafer the 1^st generation SC cells. The SC thin-film has a very thin light-absorbing layer (generally in the limit of 1 μm thickness). Thin-film SC cells principle industries are classified as:

1. Amorphous (A)-Silicon (Si) solar cell (a-Si),
2. Cadmium (Cd)-Telluride (Te) solar cell (CdTe), and
3. Copper (C)-Indium (I)-Gallium (G) di-Selenide (S) (CIGS).

Amorphous silicon solar cell (a-Si) consists of silicon atoms in a homogeneous thin layer. Therefore, this silicon absorbs light more effectively than crystalline silicon, resulting in thinner SC cells, also well-known as thin-film photovoltaic technology. The biggest advantage of amorphous silicon cells has deposited the silicon on a variety of substrates, both flexible and rigid. While the low efficiency is it disadvantage, which reaches 6%. These solar photovoltaic cells are used in devices that necessitate very low power, like pocket calculators. The diagram of amorphous silicon SC cells contents is presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3. A schematic of amorphous silicon (a-Si) SC cells (thin-film SC cells)

2. 3. The 3^rd SC generation

The novel promising technology is the third-generation cells with weaknesses at commercially explored in more searches. Most of the advanced three-generation SC cells kinds listed as:

1. Nano-crystal-based SC cell,
2. Dye-sensitized-SC cell,
3. Concentrated-SC cell, and
4. Polymer-based-SC cell.

Photovoltaic nanotechnologies depend on mixing or coating flexible polymer materials with nano-substrates with electrical conductivity. The nano-crystals are classically relying on silicon, CIGS, or CdTe and the substrates are usually silicon or conductors of numerous organic materials. The advantages of Cesium (Cs) included a remarkable interest in the manufacture of high-performance perovskite SC cell. The contents of Perovskite-SC (nano-crystals cell) are illustrated in Figure 4.

Several applications, types, and efficiencies of generation solar cells [19], are illustrated in Figure 5. Table 1 presents the advantages and disadvantages of inorganic SC cells.

Figure 4. A schematic of nano-crystals SC cells (perovskite SC cells)

Figure 5. Schematic of several solar cells applications and types

Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of inorganic SC cells

3. Solar Cell Technologies

Photovoltaic cells have various uses in solar lighting, power pump, power plants, ventilation system, swimming pools, solar cars, and remote applications [20]. For example, the earth satellites, remote area power systems, consumer systems, like remote radiotelephones, handheld calculators, water pumping applications, and wristwatches. The technologies of solar cells play a significant role in energy production because of the large population and greater power consumption. The developing higher solar cells efficiency as converting light into electricity is a principle and important parameter [21], added to reductions the costs of solar cells [22].

Nowadays, two solar cell technologies are in competition, in this review, we concentration on inorganic solar cells which account in the market more than 90% with respect to that of organic-SC cells. The SC cell as inorganic technology is made from inorganic semiconductor materials like amorphous, crystalline, microcrystalline Si, multi-crystalline, alloys, and III-V compounds. Advancement in materials and manufacturing processes prepared an essential part in this progress. Yet, there are various challenges before solar cells could give abundant, clean, and inexpensive power [12]. The manufacture of “SC cells with high efficiency and low cost” is, at present, the biggest challenge for SC cell producers. Hence, several inorganic solar cell technologies have been made to make this source more competitive in the energy field.

3.1. Solar Cell Technologies

The French physicist E. Becquerel noted in 1839“that a string of elements as semiconductors provided an increase to spontaneous energy when enlightened. This chemical-physical phenomenon famous as the photovoltaic influence was clarified by Einstein in 1912. Photovoltaic cells' efficiency depends on the total electric energy produced from solar energy were initially proved at Bell Laboratory in 1954. The photovoltaic cell was used in space applications in 1958 to provide energy for the first satellite. In terrestrial applications in the 1970s, the oil crisis donated increase to a new boom. Before a "spectacular recovery" since the 2000s, the technology of the solar cell practiced is go-slow in the early 1990s. This reflection is clarified by "environmental challenges of global warming" and "announced shortage of fossil resources". This power that appears on the human scale limitless is completely deferential of the environment: its electric energy no greenhouse or waste gas emission.

Now, tendencies in solar cell manufacturing display accelerated progress associated with concentrated researches pointed to raising the conversion energy efficiency and decreasing the cost of solar cells industrial to make this source of power more inexpensive [7, 23, 24]. The realization of SC cell with low process cost and high efficiency, nowadays, are the greatest challenge for solar cell producers. The technology of solar PV cells has vast potential and benefits for society. Presently, numerous materials are developing in the solar cells market. The efficiency enhancement is the important factor for formation the PV technology [25]. Thus, numerous inorganic solar cells technologies have been reported to make this source of energy more competitive [23, 26, 27]. Lydia H. Wong et al. [27] detailed the solar parameters for the all-inorganic solar cells (Table 2 lists the inorganic solar cells with energy functions) that are made of inorganic materials as semiconductors.

Table 2. Photovoltaic functions for all-inorganic solar cells

4. Basic Working Principle of Inorganic SC Cell

The basic part of “the solar energy generation system is the photovoltaic cell, where "electrical energy is converted directly from visible light energy-deprived of any transitional process. The working of a solar cell exclusively is governed by its photovoltaic effect, so a solar cell is also famous for a photovoltaic cell (PV). Solar cells are fundamentally semiconductor p-n junction devices. It is designed by connexion p-type, (the deficiency of electron or high concentration of hole) and n-type, (the semiconductor material with a high concentration of electron). At the junction increasing with electrons from n-type try to diffuse top-side and vice- versa. The holes move to the (n-side) revelations negative ion cores in the (p-side), while the electrons move to the p-side revelations positive ion cores inside, these effects electric field at the junction and founding the depletion region. When the Sunlight covers the SC cell, photons with energy larger than the semiconductor band-gap (g) are absorbed by the photovoltaic cell and produce an electron-hole (e-h) pair. These e-h pairs migrate correspondingly to n- and p- sides of the p-n junction owing to electrostatic interaction of the field through the junction. In this system, a potential difference has resulted between the cell sides. Typically a photovoltaic or solar cell has positive (+) back contact and negative (-) front contact. A"p-n junction semiconductor is in the middle of (+) and (-) contacts. If an external circuit is joined to these sides, the current will flow generated from the positive to the negative side of the photovoltaic cell”. Figure 6 is illustrated the solar cell principle working [28].

Figure 6. A schematic of the working solar cell principle

5. Parameters of Solar Cell and Module for Measurement

Various equivalent circuits have been used in the references to exemplary the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of a silicon PV cell; an ideal solar cell with one diode is used in this review as a simple module cell. Numerous functions are used with a solar cell to estimate a high efficiency and power depending on current-voltage curve (IV curve).

5.1 Solar cell IV curve

The IV-curve in a SC is the superposition of the light-generated current with the IV curve of diode in the dark. The visible light influences of shifting the IV curve down into the fourth quadrant where energy can be extracted from the diode so that the diode law becomes illuminating a cell adds to the normal "dark" currents in the diode” with Equation (1):

The equations for the SC-IV curve in the 1^st quadrant are as follow [29-31]:

The -1 term can usually be neglected in Equation (3) (-1 term is not needed under illumination) with approximation to Equation (6).

Drawing Equation (6), gives the IV curve Figure 7 with the relevant points labelled on the curve. The power curve has the maximum signified as P_MP (where the SC cell operated to give the maximum power output P_MP). It is also denoted as “P_MAX or the maximum power point (MPP) and occurs at a current of I_MP and a voltage of V_MP. Figure 7 illustrates the IV curve to obtain P_MAX”.

Figure 7. IV curve of a SC cell, the solar cell operated to give the maximum power output P_MP

5.2 Voltage of SC at maximum value of a power (Vmp)

It is the highest SC voltage that “the solar cell can produce when connected to a system and working at peak efficiency. This voltage is usually around (70-80%) of the solar cell's open-circuit voltage (Vmp). Equation (7), presented Vmp related to Voc  (Open circuit voltage) [32].

Figure 8 depicts the occurrences of  in a solar cell.

Figure 8. The V_MP occurs when the differential of power produced by the cell is zero

5.3 Open circuit voltage (V_OC)

When a SC cell is not coupled to the electrical system or circuit, a maximum voltage can produce, this happened when the current via the solar cell is zero. V_OC can be tested with a meter directly contacting the solar cell ends or the terminals of its built-in cables.  Equations (8-10) can be used to evaluate  value [29, 33, 34].

 V_OC corresponds to the quantity of forwarding bias on “the solar cell owing to the light-generated current with the bias of the solar cell junction”. V_OC is presented on the IV curve in Figure 9.

Figure 9. IV curve of a SC display the open-circuit voltage

5.4 Short circuit current (Isc)

The production and collection of visible light-produced carriers result in the short-circuit current (Isc), at most moderate resistive loss mechanisms for an ideal photovoltaic cell, the (Isc) and the current produced from light are identical. Therefore, the (Isc) is the biggest current that can be schemed from the photovoltaic cell.

Hence, when a photovoltaic cell is worked at a short circuit (V=0) and the current I via the ends is defined as I_SC, and it can be presented for a high-quality photovoltaic cell (high RSH, low RS, and I_O) with Equations (11, 12) [35, 31].

The SC current as short-circuit can be publicized on the curve of the IV, as presented in Figure 10.

Figure 10. IV curve of a SC display the short-circuit current

5.5 The maximum power of SC current (Imp)

It is defined as the greatest cell current obtainable when the SC is working at peak efficiency in a system, this means that “the I_mp is the current when the output power is the maximum” and can be found as follow [36]:

5.6 The maximum power point (Pmax)

It is expressed as the power of the cell when the SC produces the greatest energy. Thus, the I and V, in this condition, are defined as I_max and V_max correspondingly, with Equation (14):

5.7 Fill factor (FF)

FF of a SC cell is a parameter that describes the SC presentation, and defined as the ratio of P_max divided by I_SC multiplied by V_OC, with Equation (15) [29]:

Supposing that the SC acts as “an ideal diode”, the FF of photovoltaic cell is related to V_OC as follow [31]:

FF in Equation (16) is a good approximation of the ideal value for v_oc > 10.

5.8 Conversion efficiency (η)

Efficiency can be termed to the ratio of the solar cell energy-output P_out (converted absorbed visible light into electrical power) to the solar input energy P_in (product of irradiance from the sun (E), and the SC surface area (A_C)). Efficiency can be calculated by Equations (18-19) [23, 37]:

The efficiency is a parameter most frequently used to compare one solar cell performance to another. In accumulation to reflect the performance of the solar cell itself, the effectiveness affected by the intensity and spectrum of the visible sunlight and the solar cell temperature. Therefore, occurrence conditions under which effectiveness is tested should be prudently organized in order to compare the efficiency of one solar cell to another.

5.9 Internal resistances of a solar cell

5.9.1. Series (RS) resistance

Series (RS) and shunt (RSH) resistances are internal parasitic resistances. During the operation of the solar cells, their efficiency is decreased by the dissipation of energy in these resistances. RS in a solar cell has three central causes: First, the current drive via the base and emitter of the SC cell, second, the connection resistance between the silicon and the metal contact, and finally the resistance of the back and top metal contacts. The chief influence of RS resistance is to decrease the fill factor.

Although excessively great values can also decrease the short circuit current. Shunt resistance for an ideal solar cell will not provide an alternate path for current to flow and will be infinite, while series resistance will be zero, so before the load, the resulting is no further voltage drop. Reducing RSH and rising RS would be reducing the P_MAX and FF. Figure 11 illustrates a solar cell circuit in the presence of series resistance.

Figure 11. Schematic illustrated the solar cell circuit with series resistance

The SC output current in the RS presence can be shown in Equation (20), and the influence of the RS on the SC (IV curve) is publicized in Figure 12.

Figure 12.  The influence of series (RS) resistance on FF

5.9.2. The shunt resistance of SC, RSH

Significant energy decreases affected by “the existence of shunt resistance, RSH is classically owing to engineering defects, adding to lowly SC cell design. Small shunt resistance affects energy losses in a photovoltaic cell by providing an alternate current path for the visible light-produced current. Such a diversion decreases the voltage from the photovoltaic cell and decreases the quantity of current flowing via the photovoltaic cell junction. In particular, the influence of shunt resistance is severe at low visible light ranks, since there would be fewer lights-produced currents. The current loss to the shunt has a larger impact. Rather than, at lower voltages (the operational resistance of the photovoltaic cells is high), the effect of a resistance in parallel is great. Figure 13 demonstrates a SC cell circuit in the presence of shunt resistance.

Figure 13. Circuit diagram of a SC cell with the shunt resistance

The equation of a SC including the shunt resistance can be shown as:

The influence of the SC low shunt resistance can be presented in Figure 14.

Figure 14. The RSH effect on FF

In the existence “of both series and shunt resistances, the IV curve of the solar cell” is illustrated by Equation (22) [29].

Therefore, the circuit diagram and the influence of the RSH on the IV curve of the SC can be publicized in Figures (15 and 16).

Figure 15. Parasitic series and shunt resistances in a SC cell

Figure 16. The influence of parasitic series and shunt resistances in a SC cell on FF

5.10. Solar cell performance with temperature effect

The influence of heat factor is varied and multifaceted through SC manufacture techniques [38]. Solar cell production decreases “with an increase in heat, fundamentally due to rising internal carrier recombination rates, affected by rising carrier concentrations. The working temperature plays an impact role in the SC cell conversion process” [37, 39-42]. Both the power output and the electrical efficiency of a solar cell module are influenced linearly by the operating temperature. The numerous relationships offered in the literature represent simplified operation relations which can be used to solar cell arrays or solar cell modules mounted on building-integrated solar cell arrays, solar cell-thermal collectors, and free-standing frames. Electrical production is principally influenced by the materials used in a solar cell. Various equations for cell temperature which have been applied in the literature include numerical variables and basic environmental parameters which are system or material-dependent [39]. The equations of I_SC, V_OC, P, and η related to temperature in a solar cell can be presented in Equations (23-28).

I_SC(T_ref ) and  V_OC(T_ref ) at reference temperature T, , and  temperature coefficients mu/^oC:

Both “the fill factor and open circuit voltage” reduce considerably with temperature while short-circuiting current rises, but only slightly (because the electrical properties of the semiconductor begin to dominate as the thermally excited electrons). Therefore, the net influence is leading to “a linear equation” in the structure:

Where,

ηT_ref :: The PV cell electrical efficiency at the reference T, , and solar radiation of 1000 W/m².

β_ref: Temperature coefficient /K^-1

T_O: The high T at PV cell electrical efficiency drops to zero [39].

6. Factors Influences on Photovoltaic System Performance

A solar cell generates electricity directly from light. However, their efficiency is impartially low. Thus, the solar cell charges are costly as compared to the other resources of energy products.  The produced output energy by a photovoltaic module and its time length depends on various factors, some of which include the received solar radiation intensity, PV material type, parasitic resistances, temperature of the cell, the orientation of module, geographical location, weather conditions, the cable thickness, inverter efficiency, and other effects. Numerous papers [23, 29, 44-48] studied the factors that affect solar cell efficiency.

Several factors play into the efficiency and effectiveness of solar panels, including environmental factors. The wind effect, for example, enhances solar energy efficiency by affecting the temperature and performance of solar cells, as wind-cooled panels allow more power to be generated than hot panels. When the wind is cools “the SC panels by 1 °C, the efficiency of the SC panels increases by 0.05 percent”.

The orienting in a direction and tilt perpendicular to the sun's rays is one important factor increasing the solar panels exposure to sunlight and increases their efficiency. “The angle of the solar panels varies throughout the year, so the optimal tilt angle for a PV panel in winter is different from the ideal tilt angle in summer”. In the spring months, the best angle for these panels is 45 degrees. The efficiency drops by 0.54% when the tilt angle is increased from 0° to 15°. Roshan, R. Rao et al. [44], reported a list of these factors that affect the solar cell energy output (Table 3) and the PV system yield (Table 4).

Table 3. The factors influencing the solar cell power output and source

Table 4. Factors effecting PV system yield

7. The Effect of Double Spectrum Colors Factor on the Solar Cells Performance

Solar cells are the electronic constituents (a p-n junction diode) that create electricity when sunlight is radiated on them using the photovoltaic effect phenomenon. Semiconductors are usually used for making SC cells. Semiconductors can absorb the sun radiates in the appearance of light, and the transmitted-energy is utilized through collecting the radiant light, and converting it directly into heat or electricity. The “junction effect in the P-N junction diodes is the principle of work in photovoltaic cells. The n-type and p-type elements are the semiconductors (such as Cadmium Telluride, Gallium Arsenide, Indium Phosphide, Copper Indium Selenide, and Silicon), that contains some impurities, and the kind of semiconductor (either n- or p-type) is governed by the sort of impurity added to them. The SC cells are made by linking the layers of two kinds of semiconductors (n - and p-type), with each other, where one layer is able of accepting electrons (p-type; the holes are the mainstream charge carriers and the electron's unconventional charge carriers), and the other layer is able of donating electrons (n-type; the electrons are the mainstream charge carriers, and the holes are the unconventional charge carriers), as illustrated in Figure 17.

Figure 17. The formation of “free electrons and holes” in semiconductors of solar cells

The n-layer is prepared as heavily doped “(with a large number of electrons and is usually kept thin to ensure that sunlight can easily pass through it to the other lower layers), while the p-layer is prepared as lightly doped to guarantee that most depletion region forms on the p-side. When the p and n layers are combined, the electrons from the heavily doped layer begin moving in the direction of the holes at the lightly doped layer close to the junction. This will be creating an area called the "depletion region" around the junction, where the electrons fill the holes to the induced potential difference across the junction. If the electrons are emitted from the depletion layer, the electric field (E) will force the electrons to transfer in the n-layer and the holes to the p-layer.  When an external load is linked, the electrons from the n-layer region will travel to the p-layer region through the depletion region and then passes through the external wires linked at the back of the n-layer. Therefore, the flow of electricity begins, as depicted in Figure 18 [16, 49-52]. 

Figure 18. The transfers of electrons and holes through the depletion region under applied electric field

The electric current quantity is formed directly “proportional to the quantity of light absorbed by the surface of the solar cell ("the further the quantity of sunlight radiated on the solar cells will be the further electricity generated.(" Any photon with energy greater than 1.11 eV can be dislodge an electron from the atom of silicon and send it into the conduction band. In practice, however, the photons with very short wavelength (with an energy of more than 3 eV) send electrons clear out of the conduction band and render them unavailable to do work” [53].

7.1. Photoelectric effect

Solar cell is the electronic constituents ("a p-n junction diode") that produce electricity when sunlight is radiated on them using the photovoltaic effect phenomenon.  “Einstein's scientist explanation of the photoelectric effect is that the energy of the electrons ejected from a photoelectric plate depended not on light intensity (amplitude), as wave theory predicted, but on frequency, which is the inverse of wavelength. The shorter the wavelength of the incident light, is the higher the frequency of the light and the more energy possessed by ejected electrons. In the same way, photovoltaic cells are sensitive to wavelength and respond better to sunlight in some parts of the spectrum than others” (Figure 19).

Figure 19. Electromagnetic spectrum

When “photon is incident on a conducting material, it collides with the electrons in the individual atoms. If the photon has enough energy, it releases the electron in the outermost shells. These electrons are then free to circulate through the material depending on the energy of the incident photons” [53-63], as demonstrated in Table 5 and Figure 20 and 21.

Table 5. The wavelength, photon energy, and frequency of different colors

Figure 20. Visible spectrum

Figure 21. The effect of different wavelengths on solar cell regions

7.2 Tested of double spectrum colors effect on the solar cells performance

An experiment test after connecting two photovoltaic modules (Cell-1 and Cell-2) used the solar modules (“properties; open circuit voltage (21.6 V), short circuit current (0.61 A), the maximum power voltage (17.8 V), the maximum power current (0.56 A) and power (10 W))”, as well as different colors of polyethylene filters. The intensity of solar radiation was record using a Solar Radiation Meter. The measurements of voltage and current were taken in June for four consecutive days on sunny days from ten o'clock to twelve o'clock in the morning, and the result was recorded after the stability of the reading of the avometer device and for three repeated readings.

The solar cells performance is calculated related to full factor and efficiency, the important factors with the suitable equations (15, 16, 17).

The SC data of the experiment investigation can be listed in Tables (6-12).

Table 6. The efficiency and FF factores of one color-cell

Table 7. The efficiency and FF factores of double colors-cells (red color stable)

Table 8. The efficiency and FF factores of double colors-cells (orange color stable)

Table 9. The efficiency and FF factores of double colors-cells (blue color stable)

Table 10. The efficiency and FF factores of double colors-cells (green color stable)

Table 11. The efficiency and FF factores of double colors-cells (violet color stable)

From the results, it is found that the best group of two colors that increased the efficiency factor values of the SC cells is violet with other colors as Table 12 has introduced.

As indicated in Table 12, the double colours give more efficiency in the violet (short-wavelength; 380-450 nm) and the orange (long-wavelength; 590-620 nm) relative to other colours.

Table 12. The wavelength, photon energy, and frequency of different colors

8. Conclusion

In this review, we can conclude the following principal points:

Inorganic solar cells efficient depend on the total electric energy produced from solar energy were initially proved at Bell Laboratory in 1954. From this time onward, inorganic SC cells have been used in various kinds of applications. The inorganic solar cell is made from inorganic semiconductor materials like amorphous, crystalline, microcrystalline Si, multi-crystalline, alloys, and III-V compounds.  In three-generation solar cells, inorganic solar cells are taking an important role. The solar module is the photovoltaic (PV) system heart. The tendencies in solar cell manufacturing display accelerated progress associated with concentrated researches pointed to raise the conversion energy efficiency and decreasing the cost of solar cells industrial to make this source of power more inexpensive. Numerous factors that influence photovoltaic system performance depend on solar cell efficiency. Various functions are used with a solar cell to estimate a high efficiency and power depending on the current-voltage curve (IV curve). The influence of heat (temperature) is varied and multifaceted with solar cells generation technology. Solar cell production “decreases with an increase in temperature”. The highest conversion efficiency (η) has 25% with various practical inorganic SC cells technologies prepared from inorganic “materials as semiconductors”.

In this review article, the effect of different double wavelengths in the visible spectrum region on the efficiency performance of SC cells is investigated depending on various wavelengths, which have a different effect on the diode regions. The data is showed that the best grouping of two colors increased the efficiency factor of the SC cells, namely violet with other colors, specifically the two colors orange (long wavelength; 590-620 nm) and violet (short wavelength; 380-450 nm), and this may be attributed to the fact that different wavelengths of solar spectrum affect different regions (“the p-n junction diode”) of solar cell in different ways, as the long wavelength has more influences on the p-region, while the short wavelength has more influences on the n-region.

Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

The author is grateful to Power Mechanical Techniques Department at Institute of Technology, Baghdad, for financial support.

Orcid:

Muhammed J. Kadhim: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5664-5292

Citation: M.J. Kadhim*, M.A. Glob, The Effect of Double Spectrum Colors Factor on Solar Cells Performance in Inorganic Solar Cells. J. Chem. Rev., 2023, 5(4), 353-379.