@article { author = {Opoku, Ernest}, title = {Progress on Homogeneous Ruthenium Complexes for Water Oxidation Catalysis: Experimental and Computational Insights}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Reviews}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {211-227}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2676-6868}, eissn = {2676-4938}, doi = {10.22034/jcr.2020.108426}, abstract = {This work presents a concise review on the homogeneous ruthenium single-, two, and three-center complexes employed in water oxidation catalysis. The design of efficient and robust water oxidation catalysts has much to benefit from an improved understanding of the mechanism. A strong perspective is established on the progress made so far on the water oxidation catalysis through experimental and complementary computational efforts to understand the water oxidation reaction. The general mechanisms postulated so far are including the acid-base mechanism, the water nucleophilic attack and the direct coupling mechanistic approaches. These proposals are briefly discussed and reports featuring each instance are captured. From experimental perspectives, considerable efforts have been made in optimizing catalyst figures of merit (overpotentials, turnover numbers, and operating conditions) in single-center Ru systems, their efficiencies in most cases are not realistic enough to be adopted in commercial scale. While homogeneous multinuclear ruthenium complexes exist in the literature, few studies have been devoted towards understanding their mechanisms.  Further studies in this respect are crucial as they may serve as the golden gate towards understanding (probably) the mechanisms involved in the nature’s photosystem II which is the upper-bound catalyst for water oxidation. The present experimental and computational progress made in single- and two-center homogeneous catalytic systems provide a useful blueprint to build on higher homologous series for efficient water oxidation catalysis.}, keywords = {Water oxidation,Catalysis,Water splitting,Ruthenium complexes,Hydrogen fuels,Homogeneous catalysis}, url = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_108426.html}, eprint = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_108426_1ed788d363620bd39778f359a2894fbe.pdf} } @article { author = {Alizadeh, Sakineh and Nazari, Zahra}, title = {A Review on Gold Nanoparticles Aggregation and Its Applications}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Reviews}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {228-242}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2676-6868}, eissn = {2676-4938}, doi = {10.22034/jcr.2020.108561}, abstract = {In recent years, nanoparticles have been classified in three categories namely nanocrystals, films, and quantum dots. Due to the various properties of composites in comparison to individual particles, the studies that are related to the understanding and characterization of these materials have gained much importance. Solvated metal atom dispersion (SMAD) is a technique which includes the vaporization of the metal in a high vacuum reactor and the co-deposition of metallic vapor on the freeze reactor walls at liquid nitrogen temperature. An organic solvent is used to stabilize the metal atoms in the reaction, to form a solvation sphere, before they reach the frozen reactor walls. After the reaction, nanoparticles are warming at room temperature to form metal colloids. In this stage, depending on the metal concentration, metal type, organic solvent and delay time to stabilize the colloidal nanoparticles, the nanoparticles aggregation produce in different shapes (spherical, clusters, and fractals). The SMAD technique due to reducing and stabilizing the metal nanoparticles in a polymer matrix at the time of synthesis, avoiding metal agglomeration and oxidizing of metal nanoparticles does not produce salt. There is great concentration on these compounds as they can be used in medicine as antibacterial coatings, due to the biocidal action of Au nanoparticles (AuNps). Undeniably, numerous selective homogeneous catalysts from nanoparticles have been reported; however, the only feature is the ability of the polymer chain to protect and stabilize the metal particles from oxidation, therefore, the penetration of the reagents for the desired catalytic reactions is possible.}, keywords = {Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles,nano-biosensor,Dissociation of Gold Nanoparticles,Laser Irradiation,Visual detection}, url = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_108561.html}, eprint = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_108561_949e4b5feeeb07832f3335a2672deda4.pdf} } @article { author = {Mitra, Amrit Krishna}, title = {Antioxidants: A Masterpiece of Mother Nature to Prevent Illness}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Reviews}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {243-256}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2676-6868}, eissn = {2676-4938}, doi = {10.22034/jcr.2020.112730}, abstract = {Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, generated in usual biochemical reactions with increased exposure to the environment can cause an imbalance in homeostatic process between oxidants and antioxidants leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is primarily responsible for a wide array of human diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease), diabetes, cancers, and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, a subtle balance between oxidation and antioxidation is an essential requirement in order to maintain a healthy biological system. Antioxidants, widely distributed among plants and animals are substances which can significantly prevent or inhibit the oxidative damage to cells. COVID-19 is a major threat to the entire world and the need to boost one’s immunity is crucial. This can be achieved by consuming antioxidants. Thus, this article attempts to delineate different types of antioxidants, their sources in Mother Nature, the need of antioxidants to maintain good health and their mode of action along with mechanisms.}, keywords = {antioxidants,bioflavonoids,Carotenoids,curcumin,Glutathione,Vitamins,oxidative stress}, url = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_112730.html}, eprint = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_112730_829541b48da38f74a977f6d6de4eda23.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdollahbeigi, Mohammad and Asgari Bajgirani, Mahdiyeh}, title = {Investigation of Nitrogen Removal in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Reviews}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {257-273}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2676-6868}, eissn = {2676-4938}, doi = {10.22034/jcr.2020.246588.1082}, abstract = {In general, the conversion of unstable organic materials in wastewater into stable minerals is one of the stages of wastewater treatment in a treatment plant. In other words, urban wastewater treatment plants try to purify municipal wastewater by converting organic materials into stable materials that have the ability to separate from wastewater. One of the most important organic compounds in municipal wastewater are nitrogenous materials and phosphorous materials that in municipal wastewater treatment plants.  By nitrogen removal and phosphor removal in wastewater, provide the possibility of municipal wastewater treatment. Although, the nitrogenous mineral compounds (nitrites and nitrates) and phosphorous mineral compounds are not the cause of contamination of treated wastewater due to their stability, due to their high nutritional properties, their entry into natural water sources greatly increases the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms such as algae. In fact, phosphorus and nitrogen, because they are minerals, methods of separating nutrients from municipal wastewater in municipal wastewater treatment plants should be studied.}, keywords = {Pollution,Wastewater,Wastewater Treatment Plant,Organic compounds,nitrogen}, url = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_118032.html}, eprint = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_118032_581d49a8130e815bf694e193fc7c06cd.pdf} } @article { author = {Sadeghi Goughari, Roohollah and Jafari shahbazzadeh, Mehdi}, title = {Modeling and Optimization in VSC-HVDC Transmission Lines in Chemical Industry, A review}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Reviews}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {274-283}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2676-6868}, eissn = {2676-4938}, doi = {10.22034/jcr.2020.248901.1086}, abstract = {Abstract High voltage direct current system is a type of high voltage direct current transmission system. This method is a new way to transfer electrical energy on a large scale and so it is a good alternative to traditional method (using alternating current). An integrated system is required to transfer electricity from power plants to consumers. This system includes energy production centers, stations, transmission lines or cables and Egyptians. In this article, we will evaluate the VSC-HVDC transmission system and line stability methods will be evaluated in the presence of scattered production resources. For this reason, in the first part, the HVDC system, the two-level VSC control converter will be expressed and in the second part, a summary of scattered production sources (wind turbine and photovoltaic system) will be expressed.}, keywords = {High Voltage Direct,Power Plants,Energy Production,VSC-HVDC}, url = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_118033.html}, eprint = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_118033_2771aaed2c143c7af18005d5c6e31e7a.pdf} } @article { author = {Amouzad Mahdiraji, Ebadollah and Yousefi Talouki, Amir}, title = {Effects of Soil Ionization and Lightning Impulse Corona on Lightning Current Strike}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Reviews}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {284-291}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2676-6868}, eissn = {2676-4938}, doi = {10.22034/jcr.2020.255102.1088}, abstract = {With the new structural changes of power system that has emerged in recent years, which makes manufacturing units transmit more and more electrical power from the transmission lines, it is expected that a wider voltage collapse in the power systems happens. In this paper, a new PID-based control method was used that provides a PCC-voltage feedback control to increase reactive power from wind-turbine equipped with a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) at high voltage drop. The proposed method is an improved control scheme for voltage collapse, by which a part of the wind energy that causes a network failure is temporarily stored in the rotor energy and the remained energy is kept until DC voltage and rotor current are in the hazardous parts. The purpose of the rotor side controller is to independently determine the stator active and reactive power, which the control of the reactive power using the rotor side converter can cause the stator voltage to remain constant in the desired range. The accuracy and performance of the proposed method were confirmed by simulating a typical power system, in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.}, keywords = {Power quality,Power system stability,Wind power plant,Double-fed induction generator}, url = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_118727.html}, eprint = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_118727_102c71da300576516208c22542b19d4f.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdollahbeigi, Mohammad}, title = {Non-Climatic Factors Causing Climate Change}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Reviews}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {292-308}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2676-6868}, eissn = {2676-4938}, doi = {10.22034/jcr.2020.249615.1087}, abstract = {Climate change refers to fluctuations in the global climate of the earth or in regional climates over time. It describes changes in volatility or average weather conditions or average (normal) weather on time scales that fluctuate between decades and millions of years. These changes may be due to internal processes on Earth, or external forces (for example, fluctuations in the intensity of sunlight), or more recently to climate change-related activities. Especially in recent applications, in the field of environmental policy, the term "climate change" often refers only to current changes in the new climate. The issue of climate change and its potential effects on various economic and social sectors is one of the challenges of human technology. Recent studies show that emissions from greenhouse gases are a major cause of global warming. Greenhouse gases also play an important role in understanding the Earth's climatic history. According to these studies, the effect of greenhouse gases, which generate heat by trapping heat by greenhouse gases, plays a key role in regulating the earth's temperature. This article examines the non-climatic factors that cause climate change.}, keywords = {climate change,Environmental policy,Greenhouse Gases,Global warming}, url = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_118056.html}, eprint = {https://www.jchemrev.com/article_118056_d8fb3787fdbd2280be201f6c28ab8586.pdf} }